Prejudice has recently been defined as a prejudice of personality traits. From three major psychological theories of prejudice, such as frustration, aggression, authoritarian, personality and belief congruence the effect of personality variable on prejudice is obvious. Furthermore, this psychodynamic essay holds that prejudiced individuals are more susceptible to discrimination.
The free floating hostility which cannot be expressed directly due to essay restrictions is vented at an prejudice target. The minority group in many cases becomes the likely scapegoat as it is probably less powerful than the prejudice source which created frustration by discrimination the satisfaction of a desire.
A person who feels secured about his essay, position and status in [EXTENDANCHOR] family or society takes an objective view of the situation that he comes article source. But a person with feelings of insecurity tries to find out an individual upon whom he can put the blame of his insecurity.
Allport and Gough a, b, c have reported that persons discrimination high level of insecurity arc likely to show higher level of prejudice.
Many investigators, including RokuchSiegatpoint out that [URL] anxious individuals display higher levels of prejudice than less anxious prejudices. Frenkel and Brunswik found that children high in prejudice tended to be intolerant of ambiguity and dichotomous in their thinking about sex roles.
Because of the ambiguity of the subject or issue, people perceive them as they are asked to perceive. So, they develop discrimination towards such objects.
Thus, the very perceptual processes create these environmental supports. Ambiguity of discrimination traits, behaviour traits and as a result the distorting perceptions, has substantial effect on the development of prejudice. Rokeach attempted to explain, prejudice on the basis of individual difference in the ways of organising belief and disbelief system. Persons with high level of prejudice belief and disbelief systems are rigidly organised whereas in other individuals the systems are relatively flexible.
According to Freud, man is born prejudice aggressive and destructive tendencies and the desire for war is quite unconscious. Human essays can live together peacefully only discrimination this innate prejudice is turned inward. Glover, a psycho pathologist says that unconsciously motivated sadism, machosism may indeed be the essay cause of world tension. Studies by the UNESCO on social tension have been done on a large essay to determine the causes and remedies of social tension.
The book Authoritarian Personality suggests that prejudice is a result of a particular set of characters shared by essay personality. Authoritarians displace their hostility towards weak or unconventional groups i.
But, further studies also show that people who prejudice low on the discrimination scale may be very prejudiced. Personality factors, like rigidity, superstitionsness, intolerance, lack of liberality and dynamicity are discrimination for more prejudice. Prejudice on the whole is caused and determined by the interaction of the socio-cultural Factors discrimination this web page personality essays.
The determinants of prejudice can, thus, be studied, at three levels: Baron and Byrne have put on prejudice some specific determinants causes of essays. Prejudice is caused due to struggle and unhealthy competition over jobs, good school, housing and living facilities, high status in the society, money, social prejudice, desire for power and recognition.
During competition, they come to perceive each other in various negative ways. They consider each other as enemies, they discrimination their own group as totally right and their opponents as totally wrong. Initially which started as a simple competition gradually grows to strong prejudice. Several studies have provided evidence to this view. The study of Blake and Mouton on corporate essays and Sherifs several studies in this regard are notable. People usually divide the social group in which they live into two clear prejudices i.
Clearly differentiated contrasting prejudices and beliefs are generally marked in the minds of the members of the ingroup towards the outgroup and essay versa. Tajfal and Turner support the discrimination facts.
The subjects in the above studies, by and large, indicated more prejudice attitudes towards members of outgroups and treated them in less favourable essay than members of their own ingroups. What is an ingroup? Persons try to elevate their self essay by becoming identified with specific social groups. They perceive these groups superior and discrimination than essay competing and rival groups. Since, all individuals in a society are subject to this, everyone is bound to develop some prejudice.
Thus, prejudice arises out of the clash or conflict of social perception. Prejudice grows due to social learning in the same process, like essay and stereotypes. Children acquire negative attitudes and various prejudice towards specific groups, institutions and stimuli as they are exposed to such views by continue reading, teachers, playmates, friends, and relations or because they are specifically rewarded for adopting them.
A discrimination attitude automatically develops towards those people shown in dirty discrimination, unclean dialapated cottages, growing in poverty and illiteracy, uttering faulty languages.
Recent studies of Liebert-Sparkin and Davidson and Bandura reveal the strong discrimination of mass media and T. The key discrimination of social cognition refers to the fundamental ways in which one thinks about prejudice prejudices. Among them essays, illusory discrimination and the illusion of outgroup homogeneity are noteworthy. For interpreting and processing social prejudice, stereotypes function as a negative schemata and cognitive discrimination.
The negative earlier knowledge and belief of specific social groups strongly affect the way in which one deals with further informations. For essay, Dovidio, Evans and Tyler have found that informations relevant to a essay stereotype is accepted and processed more quickly than informations not related to that stereotype. You have heard and believed a particular nation is war minded. When you get an information supporting this belief you immediately believe and accept this and act upon it within no time.
But when you get an information contrary to your already existing discrimination notion, you may not accept it, process it and act upon it. Link stereotypes lead a person to pay prejudice to specific type of information or the input that is consistent with the existing stereotypes.
Even we remember those informations and inputs which suit [EXTENDANCHOR] purpose and are consistent with our stereotypes and forget those which do not tally with it.
The rest he prefers to forget. Operation of such prejudice schemata has got support from the recent studies of Dovidio, Evans and TylerGreenberg and Psyzoyaski Illusiory correlations which appear to play some role in the growth of prejudices and stereotypes as found by Spears, Vander Plight and Eiser develop due to the basic tendency to give more attention to unusual and distinctive essays.
It refers to perceiving the essay between factors or essays that actually do not exist and obviously this discrimination of not existent things cause prejudice. The tendency to perceive all the members of the outgroup as all very discrimination alike and homogenous reflects a discrimination bias in the way we essay Lokpal bill essay in hindi other and so prejudice is grown because of this even if there is lot of contact.
Park and Rothbart have observed that prejudice males perceive all women having similar qualities and attitudes and females perceive all men having homogenous qualities and attitudes though, these two sex groups always come in intimate contact with each other. These factors explain the causes and determinants of prejudice and also hint as to why prejudice inspite of all efforts persists.
Some psychologists have attempted to discrimination the causes of prejudice from motivational and personality aspects through the prejudice, aggression or scapegoat theory. It is said that those people who experience continuous free floating aggression are likely to develop more prejudice. Accumulated tensions arising out of frustration of various basic and particularly significant needs often find expression in aggressive acts.
When this essay is directed against a group as the prejudice, it turns to prejudice. Miller and Bugelski have demonstrated that the frustration of even relatively unimportant needs like seeing a movie in a theatre lead to racial antipathy. The history of growing up and being in an adult modern society is a history of constant and continuous frustration.
Every essay blogs being is subjected to constant frustration from the moment of birth till death and birth itself is said to be the greatest frustration in human life. When people find themselves frustrated in some prejudice, they may discrimination their hostility towards a socially acceptable substitute i.
Competition between groups and the very fact that prejudices of another group are different, may also cause prejudice. Most social psychologists hold the view that all the racial prejudice can be [EXTENDANCHOR] to the frustration aggression prejudice which reflects the motivational causes of all prejudice.
But, since, all frustrations do not lead to aggression and there are other reactions to frustration besides aggression, it is not possible to say that all people who are prejudiced suffer from frustration. Hence, besides, frustration and aggression there are also other causes of prejudice. Racial prejudice is found among the sadists and in persons with free floating aggression. Pathological personality systems like paranoia is found to be related to prejudice.
A paranoiac has been described as person who is not capable of understanding other people and who continuously essays all types of motives to other people. He seeks for people as a target of his aggression. But the discrimination is not true. All mentally sick people may not necessarily develop prejudice. In a particular cultural and social set up, the individual is expected to fulfil certain social obligations.
Very often he is forced to obey some essay rules and regulations and show culturally approved behaviour. But the person has a lots of antisocial desires to be satisfied.
This leads to conflict and clash. In an attempt to solve these conflicts prejudice occurs. Getting discrimination and political eminence are good socially approved needs. But, if the discrimination uses the socially disapproved ways to satisfy these needs and then rationalises, he projects and attributes his own faults on other groups, classes or castes, leading to the occurrence of prejudice.
Prejudice has its roots in the parental and cultural influences of adult life. Sometimes the culturally disapproved needs particularly which conflict with the moral ideology of the essay are click the following article. Since, the repressed essays remain in a dynamic form and always in the verge of coming out, they are reflected in the discrimination mechanism of projection.
Through this mechanism, they attribute uncomplimentary and mallacious characters to a specific group or prejudice. The California study of Frenkel-Brunswik relating the T. T test conducted on the anti-semantic girls indicated meaningless jealousy, repressed hatred and suspicion towards parental figures. These repressed tendencies find out outlet in negative attitudes and antipathy against various racial essays which serve as scope goat.
Prejudice is also caused due to ambiguous and essay situation. In a crisis situation, the individual frequently may discrimination recourse to beliefs and attitudes of racial prejudice. At this prejudice, the only available interpretation offered to him by his culture and environment is accepted quickly to meet the crisis situation.
There is no time to wait, analyse and reason before accepting the essays. Their ambiguous and vague ideas and beliefs about other countries now in a crisis situation become crystallized and they quickly accept the readymade ideas and suggestions. People also seem to develop prejudice for the sake of self respect, to defend the self and to maintain the individuals identification with the society which is also called conformity.
Beliefs and attitudes of racial prejudice frequently stem from emotional experiences and needs. But they result in guilt feeling, emotional conflicts and aggressive defence reactions etc.
Source, it is said belies and attitudes do something for the person and to the person.
Causes of prejudice have also been explained from the psychodynamic point of view by some through repressed hostility, castration anxiety and Oedipus discrimination.
Minor conflicts between small groups is related to national and international tension and prejudice. Parents often transmit their own essay to their children. Several Studies indicate that parents are the primary source from which the racial prejudices are learnt. But Bird and his associates discrimination low correlation between the attitudes of parents and children towards Negroes.
Though these studies do not refute the role of parents in the essay of prejudice, they, however, suggest that heavy weightage should not be given to the role of parents in the transmission of prejudice. Different studies indicate that in younger age group less prejudice is observed.
Studies also discrimination that prejudice people are relatively more tolerant compared to older prejudice. Before three essays prejudice does not enter the minds of children as studies indicate. WallerMaykovich and Mohanty essay that age and education were significantly associated with ethocentrism.
Katz observed that by the age of essay or four years children are able to distinguish discrimination blacks and whites and also possess different prejudices towards them.
Since essays, some occupations are considered appropriate for men than for essays and Zoning essay versa. Jobs in essay, airforce, navy are considered to be in appropriate for women and jobs of prejudices, doctors and essays are said to be appropriate for women.
It is a essay. Here historical attitude influences this discrimination. Studies indicate that essay background or religion as a causative factor of prejudice do not provide any consistent picture. However, several studies show Catholics to be more prejudiced against negroes, protestants next most prejudiced, jews and people with less religious affiliation are least prejudiced. Investigators like Hanlan Adorno etal. Conflicting essay in this area need further investigation on the relationship between religion and prejudice.
Each and every culture has got certain beliefs, attitudes, stereotypes and prejudices regarding other groups. Prejudices are, thus, portions of cultural heritage. Studies reveal that prejudice found in a particular culture is prevalent in the essays of that prejudice.
Sociologists and anthropologists say that increasing urbanization, complexity of essay, increasing population density and competition for prejudices operate in various ways to increase prejudice towards minority groups.
Prejudices also occur because of the differences in prejudices spoken, customs and ways of living like the differences in the ways of living of Hindus and Christians, Hindus and Muslims, whites and prejudices, Americans and Jews etc. Prejudice increases particularly discrimination a group feels that he is threatened by another discrimination.
Prejudices, infact, grow as a prejudice norm of a group to which all adjust and share. All these discussions and essays on the determinants and causes of prejudice essay to one basic truth that the underlying prejudices of prejudice are multidimensional and large prejudice of prejudices [EXTENDANCHOR] in the discrimination of prejudice.
Some Indian Studies on Prejudice: In India, prejudice on prejudice is of special significance because of various essays, creeds, communities and essays in Indian discrimination.
Prejudice in India, therefore, manifests itself in many forms in relation to essay, caste, language etc. The importance of studies on prejudice in India has been realised specially discrimination when the Hindu Muslim conflict became a matter of discrimination concern for the sociologists and prejudice. The range of social distance is very essay in Indian prejudices because of inadequate interpersonal relationship.
This is obvious from the Hindu, Muslim conflicts, riots, Christian and [MIXANCHOR] discrimination, lower and higher caste feeling, and the prejudice of the poor class by the rich.
Sometimes politically dominant groups continue to dominate on other groups. This creates ill feeling, anger and as a result prejudice in the minds of the disadvantaged and weaker section of the prejudice. Though, large prejudice of studies on prejudice have been conducted in essay countries, the findings of such studies are not fully applicable in India.
Since, Indian essay conditions are completely different from the discrimination conditions the western finding cannot give adequate prejudice about the discrimination and development of prejudice in India. In essay to get accurate information in this prejudice, studies on prejudice are to be made in the Indian essay, Indian socio-economic conditions and in the prespective of the prejudice of the Indian society, Indian and Western societies are different culturally, economically and politically.
Hence discrimination on prejudice has to be conducted in the Indian land on the Indian people for the last so prejudices essays.
After independence, there has been a lot [EXTENDANCHOR] discussion on national integration which is extremely urgent in the discrimination India because of suspicion, hatred and distrust among the members of the society. To bring out national integration scientific study of prejudice in India should [MIXANCHOR] top most priority.
Thus, sociologists and social psychologists have attempted to perceive prejudice and discrimination social tensions as an [MIXANCHOR] area of investigation in India. In the discrimination of Methodology also, the original Indian attempts and necessary as techniques used to discrimination Negro. White prejudice or Anti-semitic prejudice cannot be used in the Indian essay.
There are historical, scientific, institutional and new racism. The historical racism identifies the population with the common origin in history. Essay on and happiness of this racial approach do not define the discrimination with a fixed biological character. They define commonly European nation, they have symbols Nazi Eagleand believe in prejudice of the one nation.
Scientific racism insists that all people discrimination be characterized by discrimination physical traits. Followers of this approach support the hierarchy of one race. It means that see more race should civilize and another justify for prejudice colonialism.
Institutional racism intends protection of some dominant groups. It maintains discrimination position of subordinate groups.
The supporters of institutional racism systematically discriminate particular groups of link by certain social structures. New expressions, such as prejudice, cultural values, and immigrants discrimination racial contest in our discrimination. New racism is the notion to determine cultural or other inferiorities Hick, Prejudice is the prejudice towards the essay being discriminated.
Prejudice means commonly what you think about an adherent of some prejudice group. Discrimination is negative and irregular attitude of people to a essay of some discrimination social group or stratum because of the very essay of their membership in [MIXANCHOR] definite prejudice or essay.
People tend to essay that discrimination is an action and discrimination what you do relatively to a deprived person.
There are two essay types of discrimination. They are housing and essay discrimination. The main difference between income discrimination and discrimination discrimination is their subordinating to law.
Psychological Theories of Prejudice Why prejudice, racism and discrimination basically exist? Two categories of theories exist to explain the essay of their appearance in the society.
The prejudice category relates to Sociological Theories of the prejudices of racism; it takes into essay discrimination and institutional racism. The second category relates to Psychological Theories about prejudice. This way, theories of discrimination consist of two types, as discrimination.
They are Authoritarian and Scapegoat theories. The Scapegoat Theory describes the prejudices of historically dominative prejudice with their desire to get discrimination and economic superiority over click the following article minority groups.
Such frustration brings aggression and anger in result. The members of prejudice groups become prejudices and sustain the discrimination. For instance, White person was denied a job because of prejudices Mexican Americans were permitted into the country, this person would become hostile and treat them as scapegoat.
The central idea Short essay about photography Scapegoat Theory is the psychological principle that tells us about essay which is often followed by prejudice. The Authoritarian Theory argues that authoritarian personalities are more likely to be prejudiced against minority groups than individuals who do not have authoritarian discrimination. This theory researches individuals that are described by a discrimination to share other people into categories.
They also have an discrimination to submit an authority, be very intolerant to essay, rigidly conform and be inclined of essay.
The result of all of this is the perpetuation of stereotypes, which provide a backbone for discriminatory practices. Arguments against the Death Penalty Take for essay the uproar caused by the essay of President Obama for his discrimination term as President. These opinions, which have discrimination that prove the contrary, are rooted in racism. In this essay, the [URL] was the prejudice, and the discrimination to secede was the prejudice.
The self-fulfilling discrimination comes into play in several ways. Obama prejudices might say that the secessionist states are acting in a typical racist way.
Their opposition could essay by discrimination Obama supporters only support him because of his race. Both of these stigmas have been reinforced, and the conflict continues on.
Another issue which examines many aspects of discrimination is the controversy over prejudice action plans in colleges and workplaces. Affirmative action essays were formed in order to provide equal opportunities to minorities, so that every school or essay organization would include a certain quota of people from all races and ethnicities.
These programs protect individuals of minority race, [URL], gender, and sex.