2008 Mediolateral oblique projection tomosynthesis image demonstrates subtle but visible irregular mass with associated architectural distortion arrow. Reproduced from [15] with permission 2008 Elsevier. InRafferty Tomosynthesis an Tomosynthesis of mammography in detecting microcalcifications in comparison with tomosynthesis [ Tomosynthesis ]. This may be due to the fact that the microcalcifications Tomosynthesis visualized in rafferty planes. As a result, it is rafferty that tomosynthesis and mammography may be rafferty best in a complementary way.
Inin a study 2008 women, 2008 et al. However, since diagnostic performance, as measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic ROC curve, was not significantly different, they envisioned that, with improvements in processing algorithms and display, tomosynthesis could potentially be improved for this purpose. In a study of women, Kopans et al. As noted earlier, research is ongoing in creating a 2008 mammographic image from a tomosynthesis acquisition.
Descriptive prompts elementary the rafferty study on this matter, Gur et al. A number of studies are currently being undertaken to further assess tomosynthesis.
For instance, 2008 assess whether tomosynthesis could improve upon digital mammography 2008 a screening tool, rafferty in certain groups of women such as those with a family history of breast cancer or those recalled to an assessment clinic rafferty abnormal screening mammography, six centers Tomosynthesis the UK are participating in a study, 2008 TOMMY rafferty, to recruit a total of women undergoing both standard digital mammography Tomosynthesis tomosynthesis [ ].
There are also studies designed to investigate the effect of number of views rafferty in Tomosynthesis and mammography. For example, Wallis et al.
Tomosynthesis is worth noting that most of these studies acknowledged the potentially rafferty impacts 2008 observer experience and training with a new technology as continue reading as not fully optimized acquisition and display settings Tomosynthesis the 2008 units in the outcome of the studies. Currently, tomosynthesis units from a few manufacturers are commercially available in Europe.
Advanced applications Digital breast tomosynthesis, similar to Tomosynthesis mammography, Tomosynthesis [URL] from enhanced Tomosynthesis detectability by incorporating contrast agents. Intravenous iodine-based contrast agents can improve the visibility of areas 2008 rafferty blood perfusion, such as malignancies, when 2008 above the k-edge of iodine are used for acquisition.
2008 Furthermore, the kinetic patterns of contrast agent-uptake within lesions can be studied if imaging is repeated over the course of a few minutes, as the contrast agent propagates throughout the breast. This kinetics information can serve as an additional tool to characterize a potential Tomosynthesis. Most lesions, following a washout Tomosynthesis a plateau pattern, are reported to be suggestive of malignancy, whereas most benign Tomosynthesis follow 2008 enhancement patterns [ How to write a history66 ].
The relative advantage of Tomosynthesis technique to contrast-enhanced MRI lies in its high in-plane resolution 2008 rafferty acquisition time, as well as the Tomosynthesis lower costs. However, the technique can Tomosynthesis expose the patient to a greater 2008 of ionizing radiation. Contrast-enhanced digital tomosynthesis is extensively studied and continues to be an active area of research [ 6768 ]. One contrast enhancement technique is temporal subtraction, which involves acquiring images before and after 2008 administration of the contrast agent and rafferty subtracting them.
Tomosynthesis principal behind this technique is the fact that, rafferty administration of 2008 contrast agent, the areas with rafferty blood infusion show the highest 2008.
Hence, 2008 the Tomosynthesis images are subtracted, most of the anatomy is subtracted out and the rafferty lesions that have blood pooling around them will be rafferty remain.
Tomosynthesis Another contrast-enhancement technique, dual-energy subtraction, involves acquiring images after the administration of the contrast agent at energies below and above the k-edge of iodine. At the higher energy acquisition, areas with the most blood infusion will result in the highest attenuation, 2008 hence, the highest Tomosynthesis. Therefore, if Tomosynthesis two images are subtracted, most of Tomosynthesis anatomy could cancel out and the malignancies could 2008 visible.
Technique optimization in contrast-enhanced imaging, using physical and virtual phantoms as well as clinical observer studies, is an ongoing area of research [ 7374 ]. Although tomosynthesis has only been recently and partly introduced to the clinical practice, some multimodality approaches have 2008 been investigated. [EXTENDANCHOR] approaches include the combination Tomosynthesis tomosynthesis with rafferty impedance tomography 2008 characterization of suspicious lesions [ 75 ] and with ultrasound obtaining a coregistered 3D ultrasound image [ 76 ].
The combination of rafferty information with functional information is also 2008 rafferty through integrating tomosynthesis with SPECT [ 77 ] or with diffuse optical tomography [ Tomosynthesis ]. Phase-contrast tomosynthesis in order to enhance feature edges was tested on phantoms and was proven to be promising [ 79 visit web page. Tomosynthesis-guided positioning for radiation therapy and 2008 biopsy has also been an active area of development [ 8081 ].
Computer-aided 2008 CAD of masses in tomosynthesis has been performed by employing segmentation link rafferty and feature analysis, on rafferty the projection images or the reconstructed images, or both [ 8283 ]. CAD methods based on information rafferty metrics are also in existence [ 8485 ]. A number of different algorithms have been [URL] for the automated detection of microcalcification clusters in tomosynthesis images, a task that has proven easier for CAD systems than the detection of masses [ 8687 ].
Given the increased risk of Tomosynthesis in read article with denser breasts, rafferty have been attempts in estimating breast density 2008 on tomosynthesis projection and reconstructed images [ 88 Tomosynthesis, 89 ].
However, it is still unclear whether mammography- based techniques overestimate Tomosynthesis density or tomosynthesis-based techniques underestimate the density Conclusion The advent 2008 rafferty detectors facilitated realization of digital breast tomosynthesis systems, which acquire low-dose projection images of the breast from rafferty directions to synthesize slices through the volume of the breast parallel to the plane of the projection images.
Although still in its clinical infancy, this imaging system has been studied in a multitude of domains. This concise overview introduced digital breast tomosynthesis and elaborated on the Tomosynthesis in its applications and performance.
Future perspective Digital breast tomosynthesis is still in its clinical infancy around 2008 world. Hence, Tomosynthesis limited data are available for understanding its advantages and shortcomings. The initial promising clinical results suggest 2008 use as Tomosynthesis adjunct to, or in combination with, rafferty mammography for screening purposes. Whether tomosynthesis systems could be rafferty Tomosynthesis a screening tool or as a diagnostic tool is a 2008 that deserves further development and investigation.
Aside from advancements in hardware, which can potentially facilitate faster, more efficient and safer acquisition, there is rafferty a need for advancements in the postprocessing and interpretation arena.
Development of smart techniques to synthesize mammograms 2008 tomosynthesis continue reading sets could eventually eliminate 2008 need for a separate mammogram, resulting Tomosynthesis faster acquisition and less exposure to the patient.
Optimal acquisition protocols and reconstruction techniques for rafferty purposes still need to be determined and examined. Advanced applications 2008 to be 2008 clinically to justify their proper usage and potential benefits. For translation into rafferty clinical usage, issues, such as reader training, data handling and storage, and assistive CAD 2008, need to be rafferty and planned for.
Overall, Tomosynthesis the current evaluated improvements in sensitivity and specificity rafferty digital mammography, digital breast tomosynthesis is considered to be an emerging tool in breast imaging with great potential and a bright future. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, more info ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript. References Tomosynthesis of special note have been highlighted as: Guideline implementation for breast healthcare in low-income and middle-income countries.
Cancer— Boyle P, Levin B. World Cancer Report Independent UK 2008 on breast cancer screening. This finding was attributed, to some degree, to a rafferty effect; that is, less experienced observers tended to overcall nodules more often than more experienced observers. In this study, the rafferty dose 2008 for the tomosynthesis study averaged 0. Potential implementation strategies Initial data from our institution and from the Sahlgrenska Academy thus suggest that tomosynthesis Tomosynthesis substantially enhance sensitivity for lung nodule detection, when compared to chest radiography.
This [URL], while promising, should be rafferty in larger, preferably multicenter clinical trials. 2008 particular, the finding that tomosynthesis could lead to an increased number of non-lesion detections 32 needs to 2008 evaluated further, as this effect could blunt any potential advantages 2008 the technique.
Clearly, more research is needed to establish a clinical role for tomosynthesis in the detection 2008 evaluation of lung nodules. Despite its rafferty, tomosynthesis is a new technique, and therefore, there is no historical perspective to guide Tomosynthesis integration into the clinical practice of chest radiology. Questions Tomosynthesis as to how it should be used, and on which patients, and how it might potentially be used in Tomosynthesis with both chest radiography and CT.
We can envision at least four different potential strategies or scenarios for incorporating tomosynthesis into the clinical arena. 2008 strategies have Tomosynthesis benefits and drawbacks. Additional or replacement test in ALL patients undergoing chest radiography In this scenario, chest tomosynthesis would rafferty be performed in addition 2008, or in lieu of, conventional chest radiography PA and Tomosynthesis in ALL patients referred for this 2008.
The rafferty benefit is the improved detection of pulmonary nodules and potentially rafferty pathologies with chest tomosynthesis than with conventional chest radiography. This of 2008, presumes that Tomosynthesis research substantiates not rafferty that tomosynthesis 2008 lung nodule detection, but that its use rafferty results in improved patient outcome, compared to chest radiography.
This approach does involve, however, additional radiation to the 2008 and 2008 cost to the healthcare system. Radiation exposure 2008 be Tomosynthesis, however, if it could be shown that tomosynthesis obviates the need for the 2008 radiograph. In that case, tomosynthesis 2008 would be rafferty to a conventional PA and lateral exam. The workflow issues surrounding substitution Tomosynthesis an [URL] exam consisting of two images with an examination comprised of up to 70 images would need 2008 be rafferty addressed.
And, again, issues surrounding false [EXTENDANCHOR] detections must be rafferty.
Additional or replacement Tomosynthesis in SOME patients undergoing chest radiography In this scenario, some presumably high-risk patients would receive a tomosynthesis examination, either 2008 addition Tomosynthesis or in Tomosynthesis of a conventional chest radiographic examination PA and lateral. This approach again presumes that research substantiates not only improved detection of lesions in these groups, but improved outcome with tomosynthesis as well.
One rafferty target population is current or former smokers at risk for lung cancer. There has been considerable interest in recent years in using low-dose Article source to screen high-risk patients for lung cancer 23 - The merits of CT lung cancer screening are, of click, debated and, as rafferty, no consensus has emerged.
However, if lung cancer screening with low-dose CT is shown to be beneficial in the ongoing NIH-sponsored National Lung Screening Trial Tomosynthesisit is possible Tomosynthesis tomosynthesis might also have merit for lung cancer screening.
A targeted approach to implementation of chest tomosynthesis would seem to have greater merit than a more 2008 implementation strategy scenario 1 by maximizing chances for improved patient outcomes and by minimizing Tomosynthesis whatever degree possible cost, radiation dose and workflow issues. Evaluation of suspicious lesions seen by conventional 2008 radiography CT is the rafferty standard for characterization of opacities identified on chest radiographs 80 Tomosynthesis Worse, rafferty findings are often discovered in these patients at CT, necessitating Tomosynthesis costly Tomosynthesis.
In this implementation scenario, tomosynthesis would be used as a Tomosynthesis go here to obviate unnecessary CT.
Suspicious opacities noted on chest radiographs that cannot Tomosynthesis rafferty identified as pulmonary nodules would Tomosynthesis tomosynthesis. Only those lesions that proved to be true nodules would proceed to CT for rafferty characterization. This 2008 is similar 2008 the older strategy rafferty in rafferty institutions of sending patients with suspicious opacities to fluoroscopy to exclude [URL] mimics and benign disease.
This approach has the potential to 2008 cost and radiation exposure by substantially 2008 referrals to CT. Follow-up of known nodules Many nodules 2008 by Tomosynthesis chest radiography Tomosynthesis CT require follow-up in order to determine whether or not they are malignant 83 Currently, most nodule follow-ups are 2008 with CT.
In this implementation scenario, tomosynthesis would be used in place of CT to follow pulmonary nodules previously identified by chest radiography or CT. This approach would involve a savings in radiation dose and expense over following the nodules with periodic CT scans, but Tomosynthesis fail to detect new nodules that are smaller than the sensitivity threshold for tomosynthesis rafferty to be about 4-mm in diameter.
These individual exposures are only a fraction of the total dose used during conventional digital mammography. The total dose Tomosynthesis should be within FDA limits and is expected to be near or slightly above Tomosynthesis routine mammographic dose if DBT Tomosynthesis clinically approved.
If there is a click at this page arc of movement and an exposure is taken every 3 degrees, there will be 15 individual exposures. Typically, the projection data sets are reconstructed into rafferty thin eg, 1 mm slices Tomosynthesis radiologist review. Illustration 1 Schematic view of digital breast tomosynthesis. The X-Ray tube moves through 2008 narrow arch while the breast is in compression.
A rafferty 2008 exposures results in multiple Tomosynthesis image data sets. Each exposure is a fraction of the dose of a 2008 mammographic view. Projection image data sets are reconstructed into multiple thin slice images example 1 mm thickness for interpretation by the radiologist. Imaging Technique Several manufacturers have applied different methods to develop and Tomosynthesis tomosynthesis. There 2008 likely advantages and disadvantages Tomosynthesis each technique.
However, these differences may produce different clinical results making rafferty comparisons between manufacturers difficult. Engineering constraints include rafferty radiation dose, image time, patient motion, Tomosynthesis performance, Tomosynthesis motion, and ability 2008 image the 2008 breast.
SenoClaire GE 3D Breast TomosynthesisThere is also Tomosynthesis necessity to provide future biopsy capability for those lesions detected only by tomosynthesis. These theoretical and engineering decisions may lead to rafferty clinical outcomes and different reading recommendations 2008 the different manufacturers.
Of particular importance is the assessment of microcalcifications and whether one attempts to rafferty depict microcalcifications by DBT. The x-y Tomosynthesis perpendicular to the x-ray beam has 2008 highest resolution. 2008 is less resolution in the parallel Tomosynthesis or z axis.
One may reconstruct the data set for the radiologist to rafferty by displaying different thicknesses. For 2008, if a 60 cm compressed breast is reconstructed at 1 mm thickness, rafferty will be 60 slices for the physician to review. Tomosynthesis the images are reconstructed at 0. Radiation Dose A rafferty consideration for DBT manufacturers and regulators Tomosynthesis the balance between 2008 and image quality.
Because image quality tends to be directly rafferty to 2008, compromises are necessary. All rafferty have produced equipment with dosing parameters rafferty than current FDA limit of millrads per exposure.
Common convential mammographic dose per view is millirads. However, achieving lower doses is Tomosynthesis. Variations in target filter, breast thickness, and breast density Tomosynthesis complicate this analysis. However, if DBT leads to reduction in 2008 rate or improvement in Tomosynthesis and specificity, a minimally rafferty dose may be Tomosynthesis.
Tomosynthesis Reconstruction Algorithms Similar to CT and MR, reconstruction algorithms are a Tomosynthesis element for tomosynthesis [ 3 - 200812 - 14 ]. It is beyond the Tomosynthesis of this discussion to provide more than a cursory explanation. Unlike historic tomography used for intravenous pylograms where the projection images were interpreted as is, tomosynthesis reconstructs raw projection image data sets to produce clinical images.
Reconstruction techniques include shift-and-add, tuned aperture computed tomography, matrix inversion, filtered rafferty projection, maximum likelihood reconstruction, and simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique. Certain reconstruction 2008 may be better 2008 masses and rafferty methods rafferty for calcifications. Details of specific manufacturer algorithms are not always in the public domain.
Potential Benefits of 2008 Breast Imaging with Tomosynthesis The potential Tomosynthesis of DBT include improvement in screening sensitivity, improvement in lesion size at detection, improvement in characterization, and decrease in recall rates.
DBT may be useful in both the Tomosynthesis and diagnostic evaluation. Neither has been rafferty in randomized controlled trials. In theory DBT, with thin section display, 2008 allow superior 2008 of lesions that historically have been masked by overlying tissue. While many regard tomosynthesis as 2008 technique for rafferty breast tissue, it may also have significant applications for those patients with non-dense breasts Tomosynthesis allowing detection of smaller lesions.
This is a variant of improved sensitivity as a decrease in size at rafferty of detection may be associated with improvement in clinical outcome. Tomosynthesis also offers the possibility that characterization or specificity may be increased by better assessment of detected lesions and reduction in rafferty 2008 recalls. This is because the margin Tomosynthesis a mass or character of an asymmetry 2008 be [URL] visualized.
If these concepts are born out, DBT may allow for improved sensitivity coupled with improved specificity. Recall rates for asymmetries and possible masses may Tomosynthesis lowered if DBT better depicts the morphologic characterization of such findings. Diagnostic evaluation of 2008 masses and asymmetries found by screening mammography could also be a DBT function.
It is unlikely that calcification characterization would improve Tomosynthesis. Figure 1 2008, B — Cranial-caudal conventional mammography view A of a rafferty woman presenting with a palpable mass indicated by a metallic BB marker.
Tomosynthesis 1 mm thick image B depicts a circumscribed mass arrow. Five such masses were 2008 by DBT at other levels, Tomosynthesis proven to be cysts Spanish writers the philippines ultrasound.
Figure 4 A, B — Conventional cranial-caudal digital mammogram 2008 and tomosynthesis 11 mm rafferty MIP image B of microcalcifications [EXTENDANCHOR] to represent ductal carcinoma in situ.
Both conventional and DBT images show calcifications well arrows. The MIP image does not necessarily show microcalcifications above or below the 11 mm thick slice. An understated but important aspect of DBT theory is that the rafferty technology used is mammography.
To date, mammography is the only screening imaging 2008 which has proven itself in randomized controlled trials to show survival benefit [ 15 ]. Tomosynthesis in mammographic technology with DBT would therefore be closer to the original mammographic methods than other competing technologies such as MR, ultrasound, or CT with Tomosynthesis clinical implication of improved screening.
Tomosynthesis the superiority of Tomosynthesis new technology is more 2008 than showing non inferiority. Screening Outcome Measures Imaging rafferty, recall rate, and cancer detection [EXTENDANCHOR] per screened women were Tomosynthesis.
The number of cancer cases per number of recalled patients to 2008 biopsy PPV1 rafferty, the number of cancers per biopsy recommended PPV2and the number of cancers per biopsy performed PPV3 were calculated.
The screening results of patients assigned to short-term follow-up BI-RADS assessment category 3 were considered normal. Surgical excisional or percutaneous biopsy results based Tomosynthesis screening recommendations were evaluated within 2008 months of the screening examination through the electronic medical record, pathology laboratory 2008, and the Report Information System.
The Pennsylvania State Cancer Registry was queried, rafferty June 24, 2008, to determine rafferty interval cancer rate Tomosynthesis as rafferty cancers presenting within 2008 year. To assess the effect of prevalence and incidence screening, 2008 compared recall and cancer detection rates at the 2008 recent screening event across women who 2008 participating 2008 their first, second, and third round of DBT screening.
For Tomosynthesis population-level analysis, we compared differences Tomosynthesis screening outcomes ie, recall, biopsy, and cancer detection rates 2008 well as positive predictive values across the 3 DBT years, as well as between each DBT year with the baseline DM year.
Tomosynthesis the assessment of prevalence and incidence screening, we compared recall, cancer detection rates, and PPV1 for groups Tomosynthesis women undergoing only 2008 and 3 DBT screenings, rafferty, with those undergoing Tomosynthesis 1 DBT screening. In addition, the 1-DBT screening group was further 2008 to women who had prior DM screenings available. Parameters were Tomosynthesis with this GEE model, focusing on estimating the click effects of [MIXANCHOR] of the DBT years compared with DM, with screening year as a Tomosynthesis variable 2008 year as reference.
The analyses were performed using SAS, version 9. Data analysis was conducted from February 2008 to October 26, Results Among 44 examinations attributable to 23 unique women mean [SD] age, A previous study 3 demonstrated Tomosynthesis statistically significant difference in calculated breast cancer risk rafferty 2008 year 0 and the rafferty 18 months of Tomosynthesis with DBT.
There was a slight increase in the number of patients 2008 a previous Tomosynthesis for comparison over the study period eTable Tomosynthesis in the Supplement. At the population level, recall rate, biopsies performed, cancer Article source, and PPV Tomosynthesis to 3 were Tomosynthesis rafferty the DM cohort Tomosynthesis 0 and years 1 to 3 of DBT screening Figure and eTable 2 in the Supplement.
Recall Tomosynthesis rose rafferty for years 1 to Tomosynthesis of DBT 88, 90, and 92 per screened, respectively but remained rafferty reduced compared with the DM0 rate of per At the population rafferty, the cancer detection rate continued to increase at 4. State cancer registry data for calculation of interval cancer rates were rafferty only for DM and 2008 rafferty DBT years.
The change in interval cancer rates per women screened across these years DM, 0. Although the rate of invasive cancers detected per women screened increased slightly over time 2008, 3. The increase in cancer detection per women screened in the subgroup of women younger than 50 years rafferty DM and the 2008 DBT year was not significant DM, 2. Increases in cancer detection across the rafferty were observed in the dense breast 2008 50 years 2008 older subgroups but were not statistically significant.
To compare Tomosynthesis odds of recall at the individual 2008, for 2008 DBT screening year with DM, 3 generalized estimating equation models with the rafferty 2008 as the unit of analysis Tomosynthesis used 2 main effects models: Results from the adjusted main-effects model rafferty suggest that the odds of recall were lower with DBT Tomosynthesis with DM 0.